Intro
I hope you’re not getting tired of me talking about the Jewish Holidays. Honestly, it’s been kind of fun and fascinating to learn how the different holidays point to Jesus. And I really hope you’ve enjoyed it and learned from it as well. Today, though, I’m pivoting to one that God did not establish. A Jewish queen established it. This holiday is called Purim. And it was established by Queen Esther as described in the Biblical book of Esther. Despite the fact that God didn’t ordain it (and despite His name not being mentioned in the book), God’s sovereignty can be clearly seen throughout Esther and the terrifying circumstances that led to the creation of Purim.
The Celebration
When it comes to observing Purim, the Jewish people have four things they do. First, they attend a public reading of Megillah – the Book of Esther – twice. Once the night before Purim and once on the day of Purim. One fun tradition with this is that every time Haman’s name (the villain, I’ll get to the story later) is mentioned, the hearers stamp their feet, use noisemakers, etc. to drown out his name.
The second thing observed is to give to the needy. More than one Jewish holiday includes this and God commands and encourages this practice all through the Old Testament, so this comes as no surprise. For this specific holiday, a core theme is Jewish unity, so giving to the needy recognizes that.
A third practice is to give gifts of food to friends. In case you missed it, every Jewish holiday involves a lot of food. Sure, many also contain fasting (Purim is no exception), but they always end with an abundance of food. To me that’s a reminder that even though there’s a time and place for fasting, we should always come back to celebrate and thank God for the food He has provided us with.
Fourth and finally, is the feast itself. Invite as many friends and family as you can and feast! Enjoying the company of others and having fun is the primary message and theme of Purim.
A few additional things include masquerades, special prayers, and a fast that occurs before the official day of Purim.
Now in case you aren’t so familiar with the story of Esther, I’ll jump into that now.
The Story
So where did Purim come from? What part of Jewish history does it remember? This one goes back in time to the time of the Persian Empire. Some quick history: during the reign of Solomon’s son, the nation of Israel divided into two, Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Many years later, Assyria destroyed Israel and carted them off into exile. Babylon came along and took over Assyria and then turned and destroyed Judah – taking them into captivity. Babylon in turn was conquered by the Persian empire.
That first Persian king over the territory of Babylon was named Cyrus. And Cyrus allowed the Jewish people (really all exiled peoples under Babylon) to return to their homeland and rebuild. The book of Ezra records one of the earliest returns of exiles and the rebuilding of the temple (Nehemiah records another return and rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls, but this occurred after the events of Esther).
Queen Swap
Enter the Book of Esther. Here we find ourselves a couple of generations after Cyrus when King Xerxes (Ahasuerus is the Hebrew name for Xerxes and preserved as such in some English translations) is on the throne. The king throws a lavish party and displays his wealth and power to all sorts of Persian nobles. In his intoxicated state, he orders Queen Vashti to appear before them all to display her beauty (Esther 1:10-11). And she refused (verse 12). Why she did isn’t clear. Many believe the order was to appear naked and wearing only her crown…If that’s true, I don’t blame her for refusing.
In any event, Xerxes became angry and asked his advisors what to do. They advised him to get rid of Vashti as an example of what happens when one disobeys the king’s command – and to supposedly prevent women everywhere from rebelling against their husbands, probably not a realistic fear, but they used it as a weapon to reinforce the low status of women, nonetheless. The king agrees and throws out Vashti, declaring her to no longer be his queen (verses 13-21).
After calming down, Xerxes takes the advice of his nobles again to find a new queen (2:1-4). And through a beauty pageant/one night stand (really it was rape, this isn’t a PG book when you think about it), Esther was chosen over all the other young woman to be Xerxes’s new queen (verses 8-18).
Esther Who?
Now, who exactly was Esther?
Now there was in the citadel of Susa a Jew of the tribe of Benjamin, named Mordecai son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, 6 who had been carried into exile from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, among those taken captive with Jehoiachin king of Judah. 7 Mordecai had a cousin named Hadassah, whom he had brought up because she had neither father nor mother. This young woman, who was also known as Esther, had a lovely figure and was beautiful. Mordecai had taken her as his own daughter when her father and mother died.
Esther 2:5-7 (NIV)
So, Esther was a cousin of a Benjaminite named Mordecai. In verse 15 it gives the name of Esther’s father as Abihail – identified also as Mordecai’s uncle. Also, her real name according to the text was Hadassah. Verse 7 also identifies her as being quite lovely. This is an important note since the king’s edict targeted the most beautiful young women in the empire.
We don’t know a whole lot else about her, but when brought into the harem, she pleased the eunuch – Hegai – in charge and he gave her special treatment and moved her to the best place in the harem (see verses 8-9). However she pleased Hegai likely contributed to what we read later (verses 17-18) where it says the king was pleased with her more than any of the other women and chose to make her queen (and I’m sure the special treatment helped out as well).
Haman’s Plot
Now we get to the meat of the story. The events that directly lead to the establishment of Purim. Enter Haman. A noble of Xerxes with a position of honor greater than all the other nobles. He’s identified as an Agagite, which history + tradition tells us was a group of people descended from Agag, the king of the Amalekites. The Amalekites were a long time enemy of the Israelites whom God commanded King Saul to destroy – but he failed. So already Haman’s views on the Jewish people aren’t favorable. Add to that Haman’s massive ego and a small slight and suddenly there’s a decree to eradicate all Jewish people.
Okay, back up, what slight? Mordecai – Esther’s cousin – refused to bow to Haman (chapter 3:2-4). This enraged Haman (verse 5). And he decided that he didn’t just want to destroy Mordecai, he wanted to destroy all of the Jews (verse 6). So he concocted this story about the Jews and presented it to the king to get his blessing to destroy them all.
Then Haman said to King Xerxes, “There is a certain people dispersed among the peoples in all the provinces of your kingdom who keep themselves separate. Their customs are different from those of all other people, and they do not obey the king’s laws; it is not in the king’s best interest to tolerate them. 9 If it pleases the king, let a decree be issued to destroy them, and I will give ten thousand talents of silver to the king’s administrators for the royal treasury.”
Esther 3:8-9 (NIV)
The king agreed and an edict was sent out to all the empire that on a specific date, the Jews were to be eradicated.
Mordecai’s Plea
When Mordecai learned of this, he – along with all the Jews – mourned. This mourning reached the ears of Esther and she inquired of him why he mourned. Mordecai explained the situation and then pleaded with her to go to the king and beg for mercy for the Jews. Esther reported that, according to law, no one could go into the king’s presence without being summoned – herself included. The consequence was execution. Mordecai challenged her saying that she likely will not be spared either – despite her position. And even suggested that the reason she got into her position was to bring salvation to her people. Esther agreed and asked that all the Jews in Susa fast for her for three days and then she would go before the king (see chapter 4).
Esther’s Bravery
After the three days of fasting, Esther put on her royal attire and entered the king’s court. When the king saw her, he held out his royal scepter – which pardoned her disobedience to the law. He asked her what she wanted and Esther invited him and Haman to a banquet, and there make her real request (chapter 5:1-8).
Fast forward to the banquet recorded in chapter 7 and Esther reveals her nationality to the king for the first time and Haman’s true nature.
So the king and Haman went to Queen Esther’s banquet, 2 and as they were drinking wine on the second day, the king again asked, “Queen Esther, what is your petition? It will be given you. What is your request? Even up to half the kingdom, it will be granted.”
3 Then Queen Esther answered, “If I have found favor with you, Your Majesty, and if it pleases you, grant me my life—this is my petition. And spare my people—this is my request. 4 For I and my people have been sold to be destroyed, killed and annihilated. If we had merely been sold as male and female slaves, I would have kept quiet, because no such distress would justify disturbing the king.”
5 King Xerxes asked Queen Esther, “Who is he? Where is he—the man who has dared to do such a thing?”
6 Esther said, “An adversary and enemy! This vile Haman!”
Then Haman was terrified before the king and queen. 7 The king got up in a rage, left his wine and went out into the palace garden. But Haman, realizing that the king had already decided his fate, stayed behind to beg Queen Esther for his life.
8 Just as the king returned from the palace garden to the banquet hall, Haman was falling on the couch where Esther was reclining.
The king exclaimed, “Will he even molest the queen while she is with me in the house?”
As soon as the word left the king’s mouth, they covered Haman’s face. 9 Then Harbona, one of the eunuchs attending the king, said, “A pole reaching to a height of fifty cubits stands by Haman’s house. He had it set up for Mordecai, who spoke up to help the king.”
The king said, “Impale him on it!” 10 So they impaled Haman on the pole he had set up for Mordecai. Then the king’s fury subsided.
Esther 7 (NIV)
Brutal way to die. A quick note, verse 9 indicates Mordecai spoke up to help the king. I didn’t cover that, but chapter 6 describes how the king honored Mordecai for foiling an assassination plot against him in chapter 2. Ironically, the king ordered Haman to perform the parade for Mordecai.
Salvation for the Jews
After Haman’s demise, the king gives Haman’s position to Mordecai. And at Esther’s pleading, orders a new edict written that allowed the Jews to defend themselves against all their enemies that took advantage of Haman’s edict. And when the fateful day came, the Jews overpowered their enemies – and all the nobles, governors, and other government officials helped the Jews for fear of Mordecai, now the most powerful noble in the empire. This carried on for two days rather than the original one, as requested by Esther.
Purim Established
After this victory, Mordecai issued an edict for the Jews to observe the fourteenth and fifteenth days of Adar (the days they fought and overcame their enemies) as holidays for generations to come. And the name Purim comes from the Persian word pur meaning “lot” and refers to the lots that Haman cast to determine which day to eradicate the Jews.
God’s Silent Hand
Whew! I went through a lot there. Basically the entire Book of Esther summarized. Did you notice I never mentioned God? Did you notice that Esther never mentioned God? It’s true. God’s name is not in the entire book. But His hand of providence permeates the book.
The king chooses Esther among all the young women to be his next queen. Mordecai happens to uncover an assassination plot against the king. Later Haman’s own ego causes Mordecai to become honored by the king.
Mordecai suggests to Esther that Haman’s plot is the reason she’s in her royal position. Even though Mordecai doesn’t say explicitly, he’s clearly suggesting divine providence. And when Esther initially replies in fear, he suggests that salvation will come from somewhere else – again suggesting divine providence. Mordecai clearly believes in God’s faithfulness to the Jews. Esther agrees to Mordecai’s plan to go before the king and by some miracle remains alive.
It’s worth noting here, that Esther pleases everyone who encounters her. First, Hegai (the eunuch in charge of the harem), then everyone she encountered leading up to her one night with the king, and finally the king himself. Something about her made everyone like her – which enabled her to go before the king and not die. This too suggests divine working in her life. This extends to when she makes her plea to save the Jews and Xerxes chooses her over Haman. Then he allows the Jews two days to defend themselves and elevates Mordecai to the highest noble position.
It’s pretty clear to me that God worked all through the Book of Esther.
Wrapping Up
And there you go. One of the biggest Jewish holidays of the year. Not established by God, but blessed by Him no doubt. Still in the Old Testament though, in case you’re keeping track. God’s providence and sovereignty shines so clearly through this story that I might take some time each year to re-read Esther and remind myself of that. Having a Jewish co-worker helps since he makes known when each of the holidays comes around (and brings donuts for Purim!).
I’ve got one more holiday to cover, Hanukkah. Another one not established by God, but divine providence surrounds the events – and makes an appearance in the New Testament. Of note, I might take a break for the fourth Saturday of this month (August). The week immediately following the publishing of this one I’m volunteering at a camp and the weekend after will be recovery. So I might not get around to writing anything. I’ll send out an email when the day gets closer.
Outro
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